You are able to receive a Coordination Number (samordningsnummer) if you are staying in Sweden for less than a year and a Personal Identification Number (personnummer) if you are staying for longer than one year.
You can find out more about Coordination Numbers and Personal Identity Numbers on Skatteverket's website, the Swedish Tax Agency. Otherwise, what follows is some brief information.
Note, you must also inform the Swedish Tax Agency when you have completed your studies and plan to leave Sweden: see Moving from Sweden (pdf)
Coordination Number
If you are studying for less than 12 months in Sweden, you can get a Coordination Number (samordningsnummer). For you to get this number, an employer or an organisation must apply on your behalf. The Coordination Number is used so that public agencies can identify you even though you are not registered in Sweden. You are not required to apply for a Coordination Number unless you need to pay tax in Sweden, for example, if you get a permanent / part-time job in Sweden.
If you need to apply for a Coordination Number, you can submit the application form at the reception of Dalarna University's campus. You can also visit a Swedish state service centre in person. Read more about Coordination Number.
Personal Identity Number
If your study time in Sweden is for longer than 12 months, you need to register in the Swedish Population Register at the Tax Agency (Skatteverket): there you will receive a Personal Identity Number (personnummer). This number is used in many everyday situations in Sweden and simply makes life easier for you in all sorts of contexts - from making a doctor's appointment to opening a library account.
Both Borlänge and Falun have a Tax Agency office.
Once you have a personnummer, you can get a Swedish ID card, a useful document to have in many everyday situations. You need to go to the tax agency office in Falun to collect your ID Card.
Study in Sweden has more detailed information about this subject.
Upon Completion of Your Studies
Students who have a residence permit for studying a degree programme in Sweden of at least 60 credits can apply for a residence permit to stay in Sweden for 12 months after completing their studies to look for work. It is often possible for students who are granted this permit to apply for a personnummer even if they only previously held a samordningsnummer.